Improving the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) will depend on the development of better biomarkers for predicting disease progression and aiding the design of appropriate therapies. One such marker may be fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), also known as B-FABP and BLBP, which is expressed normally in radial glial cells of the developing central nervous system and cells of the mammary gland. Melanomas, glioblastomas, and several types of carcinomas, including RCC, overexpress FABP7. The abundant expression of FABP7 in primary RCCs compared to certain RCC-derived cell lines may allow the definition of the molecular components of FABP7's regulatory system.
Results
We determined FABP7 mRNA levels in six RCC cell lines. Two were highly expressed, whereas the other and the embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) were weakly expressed FABP7 transcripts. Western blot analysis of the cell lines detected strong FABP7 expression only in one RCC cell line. Promoter activity in the RCC cell lines was 3- to 21-fold higher than that of HEK293. Deletion analysis demonstrated that three FABP7 promoter regions contributed to upregulated expression in RCC cell lines, but not in the HEK293 cell. Competition analysis of gel shifts indicated that OCT1, OCT6, and nuclear factor I (NFI) bound to the FABP7 promoter region. Supershift experiments indicated that BRN2 (POU3F2) and NFI bound to the FABP7 promoter region as well. There was an inverse correlation between FABP7 promoter activity and BRN2 mRNA expression. The FABP7-positive cell line's NFI-DNA complex migrated faster than in other cell lines. Levels of NFIA mRNA were higher in the HEK293 cell line than in any of the six RCC cell lines. In contrast, NFIC mRNA expression was lower in the HEK293 cell line than in the six RCC cell lines.
Conclusions
Three putative FABP7 promoter regions drive reporter gene expression in RCC cell lines, but not in the HEK293 cell line. BRN2 and NFI may be key factors regulating the expression of FABP7 in certain RCC-derived cell lines.
Background
Among primary renal tumors the most common is renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Although earlier detection of RCC has positively influenced patient outcomes [1], predicting both disease progression and patient response to treatment is difficult, due in part to the lack of suitable molecular markers [2].
FABP7 belongs to a mammalian family of at least nine proteins that are specifically expressed in diverse tissues such as liver, intestine, heart, adipose tissue, epidermis, brain, peripheral nervous system, and testis [3]. Several members of the FABP family play important roles in regulating metabolism and have been implicated in contributing to the development of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome [4].
Studies on human tumors and tumor-derived cell lines have indicated both FABP7's potential involvement in tumorigenesis and usefulness as a tumor marker [5–16]. Expression analyses have demonstrated FABP7 transcripts in tumors or urine of patients with RCC [5–8], as well as in tissues in those with glioblastoma [9] and melanoma [10, 11]. FABP7 mRNA [5–8] and FABP7 protein [5, 6, 8] are overexpressed in RCC. FABP7 overexpression correlates with shorter survival in patients with glioblastoma [9, 12, 13] and melanoma [10, 14, 11], but better outcomes in those with breast cancer [15]. FABP7's role as a tumor suppressor is suggested by the finding that its enforced overexpression inhibits proliferation of a breast cancer cell line [16]. These findings clearly indicate the importance of determining how FABP7 expression is regulated. NFI and Pbx/POU binding sites have been found to be present in the FABP7 promoter in humans [17–19]. In glioma cell lines, NFI dephosphorylation is correlated with FABP7 expression [17]. In fact, all four members of the NFI family of transcription factors play key roles in the regulation of FABP7 in glioma cell lines [18]. Sánchez-Font et al. have suggested that FABP7 overexpression, controlled by the transcription factor PKNOX1, contributes to Down Syndrome-associated neurological disorders [19].
Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms controlling FABP7 expression in human RCC cell lines.
Results
FABP7 expression by RCC cell lines
We previously analyzed FABP7 mRNA expression in primary surgically resected RCCs and were able to detect FABP7 mRNA in the tumor, but not in normal tissue [6, 7]. Figure 1A and Additional file 1 show the results of real-time polymerase chain reaction (quantitative PCR; Q-PCR) analysis of six RCC cell lines for FABP7 transcripts. Two RCC cell lines (OS-RC-2 and TUHR14TKB) exhibited strong FABP7 expression, in contrast to four other RCC cell lines (769-P, 786-O, ACHN and Caki-1) and a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293). These results differ from our analysis of primary RCCs, which expressed FABP7 at high frequency (80%) [7]. We also performed Western blot analysis for FABP7 expression in these same cell lines (Figure 1C, Additional file 2). A band corresponding to the major 15 kDa isoform [12] was detected at the highest level in TUHR14TKB, whereas it was not detectably expressed by HEK293 and other RCC cell lines (Figure 1C). The19 kDa FABP7 isoform potentially generated by alternative splicing (AK289836, AL512688; [20]) was not detected (Additional file 2).
Figure 1
FABP7 expression in RCC cell lines. A) Q-PCR analysis was performed using total RNA extracted from a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and RCC (TUHR14TKB, OS-RC-2, 786-O, 769-P, Caki-1, and ACHN) cell lines. FABP7 expression was determined with Q-PCR by the primers listed in Table 2. B) HEK293 and RCC (TUHR14TKB, OS-RC-2, 786-O, 769-P, Caki-1, and ACHN) cells were cotransfected with the -1122+89 pGL4-FABP7 promoter construct, and cultured for one day. Extracts prepared from transfected cells were assayed for luciferase activity. FABP7 promoter activities were normalized to the control's Renilla luciferase activity. The results shown are an average of four independent experiments with standard deviations indicated by the error bars. C) Western blot analysis was performed using cytoplasmic extracts from HEK293 and RCC (TUHR14TKB, OS-RC-2, 786-O, 769-P, Caki-1, and ACHN) cell lines.
Cis-acting elements in the FABP7 promoter
We prepared FABP7-luciferase constructs to determine the location of 5'-flanking FABP7 regulatory elements active in RCC cell lines. All promoter constructs extend from 89 base pairs (bp) downstream from the transcription start site to various upstream sites as described in Figure 2. The promoter activity of the -1122 to +89 FABP7 fragment in RCC cell lines was 3- to 21-fold higher than that of HEK293 (Figure 1B andAdditional file 1). FABP7 promoter activity did not correlate with mRNA and protein expression. The promoter deletion analyses shown in Figure 3A and Additional file 1 demonstrates the presence of a strongly positive cis-regulatory element between nucleotide positions -192 and -36. Interestingly, a relatively small increase (3 fold) was exhibited by the HEK293 transfectant (Figure 3A, Additional file 1). In order to more precisely localize the promoter site, we conducted detailed deletion analysis between positions -192 and -36, summarized in Figure 3B and Additional file 1. Interestingly, the positive regulatory region between -83 and -36 was more active in RCC cell lines than in HEK293, so we conducted more detail deletion analysis of the region between positions -83 and -36 (Figure 3C, Additional file 1). Compared to the promoter activity of -36+89 construct transfectant, a 2 to 3 fold increase in luciferase activity was observed with the -72+89 transfectant. In contrast, no increase was observed in HEK293 (Figure 3C, Additional file 1). The results demonstrate the presence of multiple positive cis-regulatory elements within the region bounded by nucleotides -72 to -36.
Figure 2
The pGL4-FABP7promoter constructs. Schematic diagram of the FABP7 promoter showing the transcription start site (arrow, [17]) and coding regions (filled box). The pGL4-FABP7 promoter constructs extended from a common site +89 bp from the transcription start site to sites upstream (-36, -48, -61, -72, -83, -149, -192, -351, -468 and -1122 bp) were prepared by ligating PCR products to pGL4.17.
Figure 3
FABP7promoter deletion analysis. HEK293 and RCC (TUHR14TKB, 786-O, 769-P, OS-RC-2, Caki-1, and ACHN) cells were cotransfected with the pGL4-FABP7 promoter constructs described above and the pGL4.74 plasmid control, and cultured for one day. Extracts prepared from transfected cells were assayed for luciferase activity. FABP7 promoter activities were normalized to the control's Renilla luciferase activity. The results shown are an average of at least three independent experiments with standard deviations indicated by the error bars. A: Deletion analysis of the FABP7 promoter region. B, and C: analyses of additional deletions.
Transcription factor binding to the FABP7 promoter
We analyzed the FABP7 promoter region in silico using the TFBIND [21] and TESS [22] programs and by visual inspection with the TESS [22] to identify transcription factors binding to the FABP7 promoter of -72 to -36. OCT1, OCT6, BRN2, C/EBP-α, NFI, C/EBP-β, YY1, and SP1 binding sites were found across the promoter region (-73 to -28 bp) (Figure 4).
Figure 4
FABP7promotercis-regulatory region identified by promoter deletion analysis. Numbering starts from the FABP7 transcription start site [17]. Oligonucleotides designated upstream (UP), middle (MP) and downstream (DP) probes are shown along with putative consensus binding sites for OCT1, C/EBP-α, BRN2, OCT6, NFI, C/EBP-β, SP1, and YY1.
We next performed mobility shift assays to determine the factors binding to the three RCC-specific up-regulated regions of the FABP7 promoter. Three double-stranded oligonucleotides named upstream probe (UP), middle probe (MP), and downstream probe (DP) (Table 1 and Figure 4), which represent the active regions within the -73 to -28 sequence (-72 to -61 bp, -61 to -48 bp, and -48 to -36 bp) and used the double stranded oligonucleotides as gel shift probes.
Table 1
Gel shift probes
Name
Sequence Sense or Antisense
Upstream probe
TGTGTTTGCAATTTAAATCACTGGA
TCCAGTGATTTAAATTGCAAACACA
Middle probe
TAAATCACTGGATTTTTGCCCAC
GTGGGCAAAAATCCAGTGATTTA
Downstream probe
TTTTTGCCCACCCTCTTTCCAAA
TTTGGAAAGAGGGTGGGCAAAAA
C/EBP alpha
TCTTTGGAAAGGT
ACCTTTCCAAAGA
OCT1
GTAAATGCAAATCAG
CTGATTTGCATTTAC
BRN2
GCCATTCGAAATGAGC
GCTCATTTCGAATGGC
OCT6
GAGGAATTAGACTGC
GCAGTCTAATTCCTC
NFI
TCTTGGCAAGAAGCCAAG
CTTGGCTTCTTGCCAAGA
C/EBP beta
AGCTTGCACAACTC
GAGTTGTGCAAGCT
YY1
GATAACCATTTTTGAAC
GTTCAAAAATGGTTATC
SP1
TGAGGCAGGGT
ACCCTGCCTCA
The UP detected a major band migrating at the same position in all nuclear extracts, and an additional HEK293-specific species (Figure 5A). A common shifted band (black arrows) was observed that could be competed by the addition of excess amounts of cold double-stranded OCT1 or OCT6 oligonucleotides (Figure 5B). However, the addition of anti-OCT1 or anti-OCT6 antibody to the binding reaction did not change the band shift pattern (Figure 5C). Interestingly, the addition of excess amounts of C/EBP-α, OCT1, or OCT6 probes shifted the bands up (yellow arrows) (Figure 5B). We speculated that some protein-DNA binding might prevent weak protein-DNA binding shifted up by addition of the cold probe.
Figure 5
Gel shift analysis with the UP probe. A) 32P-labeled UP (Table 1 and Figure 4) were added to HEK293 or RCC (Caki-1, OS-RC-2, TUHR14TKB, 769-P, 786-O, and ACHN) nuclear extracts. In (+) cell line, luciferase activity of -72+89 vector transfectant was increased above 30% than that of -61+89 vector transfectant. Arrowheads indicate significant band shifts. B) Competition analysis. Table 1 describes the oligonucleotide sequences. A 100-fold excess of unlabeled oligonucleotide indicated in the figure was added to each reaction. C) Five micrograms of HEK293 or ACHN nuclear extracts were incubated with 2 μg of antibody (see figure) on ice for 30 min prior to addition of the 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes. The '*' shows anti-BRN2 induced supershifts.
To investigate whether the HEK293-specific band (yellow arrow, Figure 5A) was BRN2-dependent, addition of BRN2 antibody to the reactions resulted in a supershift (indicated by the * in Figure 5C). We could not make clear the reason why BRN2 oligonucleotide did not change the band shift pattern. It might be the effect of band shift that shifted up the addition of excess amounts of probe (yellow arrows, Figure 5B). To demonstrate the specificity of the BRN2 antibody used for these studies, we showed that the HEK293-specific band detected by Western blot analysis was weaker when BRN2 was depleted using small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Figure 6B). Furthermore, the HEK293-specific shifted band (yellow arrow, Figure 6C) was not apparent in BRN2 specific siRNA transfectant.
Figure 6
BRN2 knockdown. HEK293 cells were transfected with scrambled (SC) or BRN2 (BRN2.1 or BRN2.2) siRNAs. A) Q-PCR analysis for BRN2 to confirm efficient BRN2 knockdown. BRN2 was amplified using the primers shown in Table 2. B) Western blot analysis of BRN2 expression to confirm efficient BRN2 knockdown. C) Gel shift analysis for BRN2 specific band shift. 32P-labeled UP (Table 1 and Fig. 4) was added to nuclear extracts (5 μg) prepared from HEK293 cells transfected with scrambled (SC) or BRN2 (BRN2.1 or BRN2.2) siRNAs. Arrowheads indicate significant band shifts.
RCC cell lines expressed more than five times less BRN2 mRNA than HEK293s (Figure 7A andAdditional file 1) and BRN2 protein expression was higher in HEK293 than RCC cell lines (Figure 7B). There was an inverse correlation between FABP7 promoter activity (Figure 1B) and BRN2 mRNA expression (Figure 7A), in HEK293s and RCCs (correlation coefficient, r = -0.73, Additional file 1). This result indicates that BRN2 represses the FABP7 promoter.
Figure 7
Expression of transcription factor binding toFABP7promoter. A) Q-PCR analysis was performed using total RNA extracted from a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and RCC (TUHR14TKB, OS-RC-2, 786-O, 769-P, Caki-1, and ACHN) cell lines. BRN2 was amplified using the primers shown in Table 2. B) Western blot analysis was performed using nuclear extract from a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and RCC (TUHR14TKB, OS-RC-2, 786-O, 769-P, Caki-1, and ACHN) cell lines. C) RT-PCR analysis was performed using total RNA extracted from a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and RCC (TUHR14TKB, OS-RC-2, 786-O, 769-P, Caki-1, and ACHN) cell lines. OCT6, OCT1, NFIA, NFIB, NFIC, or NFIX cDNAs were amplified using the primers shown in Table 2.
Bisgrove et al. reported that NFI binds to the region bounded by nucleotides -54 to -40 bp of the FABP7 promoter [17], corresponding to the middle probe (MP), and point mutations in this region attenuate FABP7 promoter activity. When we performed gel shift analysis with MP, a major DNA-protein complex was observed in all seven cell lines (Figure 8A). The band marked by the blue arrow was competed by an NFI oligonucleotide in HEK293 cell line and TUHR14TKB cell line (Figure 8B). Addition of the anti-NFI antibody to the binding reaction supershifted the NFI-DNA complex in HEK293 and TUHR14TKB cell lines (indicated by the * in Figure 8C). TUHR14TKB's NFI-DNA complexes migrated differently than those of the other cell lines (Figure 8A). FABP7 expression (Figure 1C) correlated with FABP7 promoter activation (-61 to -48 bp) (Figure 3C and Additional file 1) and NFI gel shift patterns (Figure 8A).
Figure 8
Gel shift analysis with the MP probe. A) 32P-labeled MP (Table 1 and Fig. 4) was added to HEK293 or RCC (ACHN, OS-RC-2, 769-P, 786-O, Caki-1, and TUHR14TKB) nuclear extracts. In (+) cell line, luciferase activity of -61+89 vector transfectant was increased above 30% than that of -48+89 vector transfectant. Arrowheads indicate significant band shifts. B) Competition analysis was performed using a variety of oligonucleotides (Table 1). A 100-fold excess of unlabeled competitor oligonucleotide, indicated in the figure, was added to each reaction. C) Five micrograms of HEK293 or TUHR14TKB nuclear extracts were incubated with 2 μg of the antibodies, as indicated in the figure, on ice for 30 min prior to addition of the 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes. The '*' indicates anti-NFI induced supershifts.
The NFI transcription factor family includes four genes: NFIA, NFIB, NFIC and NFIX[23]. In an effort to determine which NFI family member or members might interact with the FABP7 promoter, we determined NFI family members' mRNA levels. NFIA and NFIC mRNA levels were, respectively, weaker and stronger in all six RCC cell lines than in HEK293 (Figure 7C). NFIB and NFIX mRNA levels were approximately the same in all seven cell lines (Figure 7C).
When DP was subjected to gel shift analysis, only one weak band was observed (Additional file 3A). This band did not compete with any of the oligonucleotides representing transcription factor binding sites, whereas addition of excess amounts of C/EBP-β probe shifted the band up (Additional file 3B). In contrast, addition of YY1 antibody did not alter this band's mobility (Additional file 3C).
Discussion
Approximately 70% of RCC patients survive for 5 years. However, the presence of distant metastases dramatically lowers survival, indicating the importance of developing better biomarkers for predicting disease course and designing suitable therapies. Overexpression of FABP7 in tumor tissue and urine of patients with RCC, [5–8] led us to consider FABP7 as such a biomarker and to elucidate the regulation of its expression.
As an initial approach, we chose to study FABP7 expression in cell lines derived from human RCCs and embryonic kidney. Our finding of strong FABP7 mRNA expression by two of six RCC cell lines (Figure 1A) varies from our previous finding of 80% (n = 54) overexpression by carcinoma compared to corresponding expression in normal tissues [7]. Seliger et al. conducted studies related to ours that demonstrated FABP7 transcripts in 18 of 27 clear cell-type RCC lesions but only 4 of 19 RCC cell lines [5]. These observations may reflect the fact that higher grade (G3 + G4) versus lower grade (G1 + G2) tumors expressed significantly lower FABP7 mRNA levels [8]. Furthermore, ACHN and Caki-1 cell line, which expressed FABP7 mRNA weaker than other (Figure 1A), isolated from malignant pleural effusion and cutaneous metastasis each [24, 25]. And FABP7 mRNA expression of 786-O cell lines was weaker than that of 769-P cell lines (Figure 1A). That RCC cases with poorer prognoses tend to express lower FABP7 levels, is consistent with the fact that the 786-O cell line was isolated from a patient with a prognosis less favorable than the patient from which the 769-P cell line was derived [26]. Several parallel studies have been conducted using other tumors. For example, primary versus metastatic melanomas express higher FABP7 mRNA levels [11]. FABP7-positive, compared to FABP7-negative, breast cancer patients experienced significantly longer disease-free survival and breast cancer specific survival [15]. The role of FABP7 as a tumor suppressor in human mammary cells is suggested by the demonstration that its enforced overexpression inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation [16]. In contrast, a recent study showed that down-regulating FABP7 using RNA interference techniques inhibited cell proliferation and migration but did not affect the invasive properties of the Caki-2 RCC cell line [27]. This suggests that the role of FABP7 in tumorigenesis depends on cell-specific regulatory factors.
We noted a discrepancy between endogenous FABP7 mRNA expression and the activity of the FABP7 promoter in cell lines derived from RCCs (786-O, ACHN, Caki-1) and that of a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) (Figure 1A and 1B). These results are reminiscent of the report demonstrating that neither NFIC nor NFIX overexpression had any effect on endogenous FABP7 transcript levels although their overexpression decreased exogenous FABP7 promoter activity to 50% [18].
A possible explanation for this discrepancy is the nucleosomal organization of a chromosomal versus an episomal promoter. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosomal core particle, containing 147 bp of DNA that wraps twice around an octamer of core histones. The core histones bear a highly dynamic N-terminal amino acid tail approximately 20-35 residues long and rich in basic amino acids. These tails, which extend from the surface of the nucleosome, play an important role in folding of nucleosomal arrays into higher order chromatin structures that perform important functions in eukaryotic gene regulation [28]. Methylation of promoter CpG islands can play important roles in gene silencing [29]. However, this mechanism does not likely apply to human FABP7, since its promoter lacks a CpG island. We propose that an as-yet unidentified cis-acting negative regulatory element(s) residing either farther upstream or downstream from the region we analyzed in this study may explain the discrepancy between FABP7 mRNA levels and promoter activity.
Gene expression can be negatively regulated post-transcriptionally by microRNAs (miRNAs) [30], which play significant roles in cellular transformation and carcinogenesis by acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors [31]. A mechanism involving miRNAs may explain the discrepancy between FABP7 mRNA and protein expression levels.
Bisgrove et al. [17] reported that NFI is a key transcriptional activator of the FABP7 promoter in glioma cell lines. Our FABP7 promoter analysis reported here also showed that deletion of the NFI binding site down-regulated promoter activity in the TUHR14TKB cell line (Figure 3C), the only cell line positive for FABP7 protein expression. In glioma cell lines [17], NFI-DNA complexes were converted to a faster-migrating form by potato acid phosphatase treatment, indicating NFI activation by dephosphorylation [17]. Our gel shift analysis also revealed a similar association between the presence of a faster-migrating band (Figure 8A), FABP7 promoter activation (Figure 3C), and FABP7 protein expression (Figure 1C).
NFIA and NFIC were, respectively, weaker and stronger in all six RCC cell lines than in HEK293 (Figure 7C). In a glioma cell line, NFIA and NFIC siRNAs inhibited and enhanced FABP7 promoter activity, respectively [18], thus indicating that FABP7 promoter activity in RCC cell lines may be weaker than that in the HEK293 cell line. This discrepancy might be attributed to a difference in FABP7 promoter regulation of NFIA and NFIC in RCC cell lines and glioma cell lines.
Deletion of the mouse Brn2 locus results in loss of specific neuronal lineages in the hypothalamus and consequent loss of the posterior pituitary gland [32, 33]. A combination of three factors, Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l, suffice to rapidly and efficiently convert mouse embryonic and postnatal fibroblasts into functional neurons in vitro[34]. BRN2 may coordinate normal melanocytic differentiation, whereas BRN2 can be re-activated in melanoma and may play a role in melanoma cell proliferation and tumorigenesis [35]. BRN2 also plays an important role in keratinocyte differentiation and in the pathogenesis of lichen planus lesions [36]. Our results indicate that BRN2 represses the FABP7 promoter and suggests that regulation of FABP7 expression by BRN2 differs between RCCs and melanomas.
There is a contradiction between gel shift analysis by competing with OCT1 or OCT6 probe (Figure 5B) and gel shift analysis adding anti-OCT1 or anti-OCT6 antibody (Figure 5C). One probability is that OCT1 and OCT6 probes bind to other transcription factor. However, it might be rare case for one transcription factor to bind to FABP7 promoter, OCT1 and OCT6 probes. Zwilling et al. reported that OCTl and OCT6 interact with high mobility group protein 2 [37]. This indicates that high mobility group protein 2 may form complex with OCT1 and OCT6. This putative complex may reflect band shift of upstream element competing with OCT1 and OCT6. Furthermore, OCT1 and OCT6 formed dimer on the consensus MORE [38]. Same complex may form on upstream element of FABP7 promoter. Forming OCT1-OCT6 complex might be disturbed in binding anti-OCT1 and anti-OCT6 antibodies to OCT1 and OCT6 respectively. Other possibility is that anti-OCT1 and anti-OCT6 antibodies cannot bind to OCT1 and OCT6 in our gel shift condition.
Our present finding that RCC cell lines differentially express FABP7 transcripts and protein, in contrast to the almost uniform overexpression of FABP7 transcripts by primary tumors, indicate the value of RCC cell lines for deciphering the mechanisms responsible for controlling FABP7 expression. Our future studies will focus on analyses of additional RCC cell lines to determine whether the low frequency of FABP7 expression is a consequence of selecting tumor cells for in vitro growth, and if so, will provide new insights into regulation of FABP7 expression. It will be important to determine whether primary tumors express FABP7 at the same high level as its transcript. If so, this would provide compelling evidence for FABP7's etiological role in RCC, and encourage future studies to evaluate it as a diagnostic marker and as a therapeutic target.
Conclusions
A high percentage of primary RCCs, but not RCC-derived cell lines, express high FABP7 mRNA. The transcription factor BRN2 binds to the cis- acting regions in the FABP7 promoter identified in the present studies. BRN2 may repress the FABP7 promoter, because its expression inversely correlates with FABP7 promoter activity. NFI may also regulate FABP7 expression. Future studies will focus on analyzing these and other regulatory molecules in order to help design new therapies for treating RCC.
Methods
Reagents
Reagents and their sources were the following: GIBCO® RPMI Media 1640, oligo (dT)12-18, SuperScript® III Reverse Transcriptase and pCR®2.1-TOPO® vector, Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, CA); SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix, Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA); Oligopeptides and siRNAs, Hokkaido System Science (Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan); Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail, FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent, poly (dI-dC) and X-tremeGENE siRNA Transfection Reagent, Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Mannheim, Germany); BCA Protein Assay Reagent Kit and NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA); Immobilon Western HRP Substrate, Millipore (Billerica, MA); HEPES, spermidine and dithiothreitol, Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); PVDF membrane and Illustra MicroSpin G-25 columns, GE Healthcare UK Ltd. (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire HP7 9NA, England); pGL4.17 and pGL4.74 plasmids and Dual-Luciferase® Reporter (DLR™) Assay System, Promega (Madison, WI); restriction endonucleases and DNA Ligation Kit Ver.2.1, TAKARA BIO INC. (Otsu, Shiga, Japan); [γ-32P] dATP, Perkin Elmer Inc. (Waltham, MA); T4 Polynucleotide Kinase, Toyobo (Osaka, Japan); KCl, glycerol and NP-40, Wako (Osaka, Japan).
Cell culture
RCC cell lines (786-O, 769-P and ACHN) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). Caki-1, HEK293, OS-RC-2, and TUHR14TKB were provided by the RIKEN (Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan). All cell lines were grown in GIBCO® RPMI Media 1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Nichirei Biosciences Inc., Japan). Cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% (v/v) CO2.
RT-PCR and Q-PCR analysis
Cells were cultured in 100 mm dishes for two days. Total RNA was isolated from cultured cell lines using the RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Either 5 μg or 3 μg RNA was reverse transcribed using the SuperScript® III Reverse Transcriptase primed by 500 ng of oligo (dT)12-18 according to the manufacturer's recommendations. PCR amplification was performed using 1 μL of first-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) as template with the primers and number of cycles listed in Table 2. Amplified DNA was analyzed by electrophoresis through 2% or 3% (w/v) agarose gels. Q-PCR analysis of FABP7 and BRN2 expression in RCC and HEK293 cell lines were done with the Applied Biosystems StepOnePlus™ (Life Technologies). The final PCR reaction mix included 2 μL of 5 μM specific primer, 1 μL first-strand cDNA and 10 μL SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix at a final volume of 20 μL. Specific plasmid controls for FABP7, BRN2 and TBP were synthesized as the direct insertion of PCR products into a pCR®2.1-TOPO® vector, and standard curves for each marker were generated with seven serial dilutions of plasmid templates (0.1 nM to 0.1 fM). TBP was used as an internal control. The sense primer for FABP7 amplification, primers for TBP amplification and primers for OCT6 amplification were reported by Teratani et al. [7], Jung et al. [39] and Faus et al. [40], respectively.
Table 2
RT-PCR and Q-PCR primers
cDNA
Sequence
Annealing temperature (°C)
Number of cycles
FABP7
TGACCAACAGTCAGAACTTT
54
40
GCCATCCCATTTCTGTATGTG
TBP
TTCGGAGAGTTCTGGGATTGTA
58
40
TGGACTGTTCTTCACTCTTGGC
BRN2
CGGCGGATCAAACTGGGATTT
57
40
TTGCGCTGCGATCTTGTCTAT
OCT1
GCATCCAACCACCAATTTGC
57
30
GAGGTGAGGGTGATGCTTG
OCT6
GCGGCGCATCAAGCTGGG
63
38
CGGTTGCAGAACCAGACGCG
NFIA
CAGCCAAGTGACGCTGACA
60
25
CCTCATTGCTCCTGGACTCAT
NFIB (1)
CATAACCCAGGGAACTGGAG
60
25
CTCTTTCGTGCCATGTTCGAC
NFIB (2)
CTCCCATCTGTCTCACTCAGG
58
25
CACGGGTGCTTCTTGCCAGTC
NFIC
GGACAGGGATGGGCTCTG
58
35
CGTTCTTCTGAGGCCAGTGC
NFIX
GTTTTGTGACTTCCGGGGTCTG
58
35
GGAAGGAGGGGAGGTGATG
β-actin
CAAACATGATCTGGGTCATCTTCTC
60
25
GCTCGTCGTCGACAACGGCTC
Antibodies
An anti-human FABP7 Antibody (AF3166) was purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. Peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (86285) was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc. (West Grove, PA). A mouse monoclonal anti-α-tubulin antibody (T6074) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (sc-2005), anti-Brn-2 (C-20: sc-6029 X), anti-Lamin B (M-20: sc-6217), anti-NF-1 (H-300: sc-5567 X), anti-Oct-1 (C-21: sc-232 X), anti-Oct-6 (H-13: sc-11660 X) and anti-YY1 (H-414: sc-1703 X) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA).
Western blot analysis
Cells were cultured in 100-mm dishes for two days. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were prepared using NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA Protein Assay Reagent. For FABP7 Western blot, cytoplasmic extracts (20 μg) were electrophoresed through an 18% (w/v) polyacrylamide-SDS gel. The proteins were electrophoretically transferred onto a PVDF membrane. Membrane was incubated with 1 mg/mL FABP7 antibody diluted 1:5000, and antibody-antigen complexes were visualized with peroxidase-conjugated anti-goat IgG and Immobilon Western HRP Substrate. For BRN2 Western blot, nuclear extracts (20 μg) were electrophoresed through a 10% (w/v) polyacrylamide-SDS gel. Membrane transferring proteins was incubated with anti-Brn-2 (sc-6029 X) diluted 1:2000, and antibody-antigen complexes were visualized with peroxidase-conjugated anti-goat IgG and Immobilon Western HRP Substrate.
Promoter constructs
The pGL4-FABP7 promoter construct was generated by cloning a 2.1-kb PCR fragment of the human FABP7 promoter region into pGL4.17. PCR reactions, using the primers listed in Table 3, were performed to generate promoter region deletions, each ending at position +89 bp from the transcription start site. Amplified DNA fragments were digested with Bgl II and Hin dIII and, using DNA Ligation Kit Ver.2.1, ligated to Bgl II and Hin dIII-digested pGL4.17 [41].
Table 3
PCR primers used to prepare pGL4-FABP7 promoter constructs
Position, cloning site and orientation
Sequence
-1122 Bgl II Sense
CTTTCAGATCTGGTCAGCACTAGTAAG
-468 Bgl II Sense
CACTAAGATCTCTCCTTTGTCTGCAAAG
-351 Bgl II Sense
ATCTTAGATCTTTTCCTTGCAGTCTGAG
-192 Bgl II Sense
GAACTAGATCTACTCCGCTAACCCAG
-149 Bgl II Sense
CAAAGAGATCTGGAGCCTCACTCGAGC
-83 Bgl II Sense
AGAGGAGATCTGGAGGGGTGTGTTTG
-72 Bgl II Sense
GAGAGATCTGTTTGCAATTTAAATCACTGG
-61 Bgl II Sense
TTTGAGATCTAAATCACTGGATTTTTGCCC
-48 Bgl II Sense
TCACAGATCTTTTGCCCACCCTCTTTCC
-36 Bgl II Sense
CCCAAGATCTTTCCAAATAAGAAGGCAG
+89 Hin dIII Antisense
ACAGAAAGCTTCCACCATCCTTGCCC
Luciferase reporter assay
Human RCC and HEK293 cell lines were grown at 37°C in GIBCO® RPMI Media 1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum in a humidified, 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells (5 × 104 or 7 × 104) were added to each well in 24 well plates and cultured for one day. Cells were transiently co-transfected with the pGL4-FABP7 promoter construct (0.4 μg), pGL4.74 plasmid (0.1 μg), and 2 μL or 2.5 μL FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent. One day after transfection, luciferase activity was measured with a Dual-Luciferase® Reporter (DLR™) Assay System using a Lumicounter 700 (Microtech Niti-On, Japan).
Gel mobility shift analysis
Gel retardation assays were carried out using a slightly modified version of the method described by Bisgrove et al. [17]. Complementary oligonucleotides (Table 1) were annealed by heating at 95°C for 2 min and then cooling to room temperature. Probes were labeled with [γ-32P] dATP using T4 polynucleotide kinase and then purified using Illustra MicroSpin G-25 columns. Nuclear extracts were prepared using NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents. For each assay, 5 μg of nuclear extract was used. Binding reactions were performed in 30 μl binding buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 20 mM KCl, 1 mM spermidine, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 0.1% (v/v) NP-40, and 2 μg of poly(dI-dC)). Two microliters of 5 μM unlabeled competitor oligonucleotide or 1 μL of 2 μg/μL antibody were added as appropriate. Following addition of the nuclear extract and incubation for 30 min on ice, 1 μL of 100 nM labeled probe was added and incubated for 20 min at room temperature. DNA binding reactions were electrophoresed through a 6% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel in 0.5 × TBE to separate unbound probe from probe-protein complexes.
siRNA transfection
The BRN-2 siRNA sequences used were as follows: 5'-GTGCAGACGCCCGTCCAG-3' (BRN2.1; [42]) and 5'-CCGCAGCGTCTAACCACTA-3' BRN2.2; [43]). The scrambled control siRNA sequence was 3'-AAGTCCATGGTGACAGGAGAC-5' (SC; [43]). The siRNA was transfected into cells using X-tremeGENE siRNA Transfection Reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. HEK293 cells were harvested 3 to 4 days after transfection.
We thank Dr. Shigekazu Sasaki (Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine) for supporting our gel shift analysis, and Ms. H Misawa (Second Department of Internal Medicine), T Kageyama (Urology), M Miyazaki (Urology), H Fujita (Urology) and C Mochizuki (Urology) for their technical assistance. This work was supported by funding from a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 20591854 from The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
(2)
Division of Development of Advanced Treatment, Jichi Medical University
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