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  1. In eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, homologous recombination is an accurate mechanism to generate genetic diversity, and it is also used to repair DNA double strand-breaks. RAD52 epistasis group genes involved i...

    Authors: Mavil López-Casamichana, Esther Orozco, Laurence A Marchat and César López-Camarillo
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in Mycobacterium smegmatis the furA-katG loci, encoding the FurA regulatory protein and the KatG catalase-peroxidase, are highly conserved. In M. tuberculosis furA-katG constitut...

    Authors: Claudia Sala, Francesca Forti, Francesca Magnoni and Daniela Ghisotti
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Members of the Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor (PITX) gene family, particularly PITX1 and PITX2, play important roles in normal development and in differentiated cell functions. Three major isoforms ...

    Authors: Pankaj Lamba, Tord A Hjalt and Daniel J Bernard
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Overexpression of the human DYRK1A gene due to the presence of a third gene copy in trisomy 21 is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. The observation of gene dosage effects in transgenic ...

    Authors: Barbara Maenz, Paul Hekerman, Eva M Vela, Juan Galceran and Walter Becker
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Establishment of chromosomal cytosine methylation and histone methylation patterns are critical epigenetic modifications required for heterochromatin formation in the mammalian genome. However, the nature of t...

    Authors: Claudia Baumann, Anja Schmidtmann, Kathrin Muegge and Rabindranath De La Fuente
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Flatfish metamorphosis involves major physiological and morphological changes. Due to its importance in aquaculture and as a model for developmental studies, some gene expression studies have focused on the un...

    Authors: Carlos Infante, Makoto P Matsuoka, Esther Asensio, José Pedro Cañavate, Michael Reith and Manuel Manchado
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are induced by exogenous insults such as ionizing radiation and chemical exposure, and they can also arise as a consequence of stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks. Failur...

    Authors: Chikako Sakaguchi, Takashi Morishita, Hideo Shinagawa and Takashi Hishida
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. It is well established that adipose tissue plays a key role in energy storage and release but is also a secretory organ and a source of stem cells. Among different lineages, stem cells are able to differentiat...

    Authors: Chiara Chiellini, Olivia Cochet, Luc Negroni, Michel Samson, Marjorie Poggi, Gérard Ailhaud, Marie-Christine Alessi, Christian Dani and Ez-Zoubir Amri
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. The ubiquitous Rad50 and Mre11 proteins play a key role in many processes involved in the maintenance of genome integrity in Bacteria and Eucarya, but their function in the Archaea is presently unknown. We sho...

    Authors: Achim Quaiser, Florence Constantinesco, Malcolm F White, Patrick Forterre and Christiane Elie
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. In yeast, DNA damage leads to the mono and polyubiquitination of the sliding clamp PCNA. Monoubiquitination of PCNA is controlled by RAD18 (E3 ligase) and RAD6 (E2 conjugating enzyme), while the extension of t...

    Authors: Jan Brun, Roland Chiu, Katherine Lockhart, Wei Xiao, Bradly G Wouters and Douglas A Gray
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the mechanisms of constitutive and alternative splicing, an important and widespread step along the gene expression pathway, our ability to deliberately regulate ge...

    Authors: Dong-Suk Kim, Veronica Gusti, Kenneth J Dery and Rajesh K Gaur
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. When a stop codon is located in the ribosomal A-site, the termination complex promotes release of the polypeptide and dissociation of the 80S ribosome. In eukaryotes two proteins eRF1 and eRF3 play a crucial f...

    Authors: Céline Fabret, Bruno Cosnier, Sergey Lekomtsev, Sylvie Gillet, Isabelle Hatin, Pierre Le Maréchal and Jean Pierre Rousset
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Alternative splicing of mutually exclusive exons is an important mechanism for increasing protein diversity in eukaryotes. The insect Mhc (myosin heavy chain) gene produces all different muscle myosins as a resul...

    Authors: Florian Odronitz and Martin Kollmar
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) is one of the four subunits composing eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1. It catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome in a GTP-...

    Authors: Carlos Infante, Esther Asensio, José Pedro Cañavate and Manuel Manchado
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. During the last years the quantification of immune response under immunological challenges, e.g. parasitation, has been a major focus of research. In this context, the expression of immune response genes in te...

    Authors: Sascha Hibbeler, Joern P Scharsack and Sven Becker
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Assessment of gene expression is an important component of osteoarthritis (OA) research, greatly improved by the development of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This technique requires normalization for prec...

    Authors: Manuel Pombo-Suarez, Manuel Calaza, Juan J Gomez-Reino and Antonio Gonzalez
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2), a post-transcriptional regulator of cellular iron metabolism, undergoes iron-dependent degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A stretch of 73 amino acids within the...

    Authors: Jian Wang, Guohua Chen, Julie Lee and Kostas Pantopoulos
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Transfection of cells with gene-specific, single-stranded oligonucleotides can induce the targeted exchange of one or two nucleotides in the targeted gene. To characterize the features of the DNA-repair mechan...

    Authors: Heike Hegele, Matthias Wuepping, Caroline Ref, Oliver Kenner and Dieter Kaufmann
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The transcription factor NFAT5/TonEBP regulates the response of mammalian cells to hypertonicity. However, little is known about the physiopathologic tonicity thresholds that trigger its transcriptional activi...

    Authors: Beatriz Morancho, Jordi Minguillón, Jeffery D Molkentin, Cristina López-Rodríguez and Jose Aramburu
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. The coiled-coil coactivator (CoCoA) enhances transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors, the xenobiotic aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and the lymphocyte enhancer factors (LEF) in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pa...

    Authors: Catherine K Yang, Jeong Hoon Kim, David K Ann and Michael R Stallcup
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Wnt signaling is mediated through 1) the beta-catenin dependent canonical pathway and, 2) the beta-catenin independent pathways. Multiple receptors, including Fzds, Lrps, Ror2 and Ryk, are involved in Wnt sign...

    Authors: Changgong Li, Hongyan Chen, Lingyan Hu, Yiming Xing, Tomoyo Sasaki, Maria F Villosis, John Li, Michiru Nishita, Yasuhiro Minami and Parviz Minoo
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. GFG/NUDT is a nudix hydrolase originally identified as the product of the fibroblast growth factor-2 antisense (FGF-AS) gene. While the FGF-AS RNA has been implicated as an antisense regulator of FGF-2 express...

    Authors: Shuo Cheng Zhang, Kimberley A MacDonald, Mark Baguma-Nibasheka, Laurette Geldenhuys, Alan G Casson and Paul R Murphy
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans the conserved Ins/IGF-1 signaling pathway regulates many biological processes including life span, stress response, dauer diapause and metabolism. Detection of differentiall...

    Authors: David Hoogewijs, Koen Houthoofd, Filip Matthijssens, Jo Vandesompele and Jacques R Vanfleteren
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. SIN3 (SWI-Independent) is part of a transcriptional deacetylase complex, which generally mediates the formation of repressive chromatin. The purpose of this work was to study possible interactions between core...

    Authors: Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sofia Rondin Lindberg and Inge Olsson
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Recently, we have discovered site-specific endonucleases, which recognize and cleave only DNA sequences with 5-methylcytosine. Two specificities of such endonucleases have been described. Enzymes BisI, BlsI, a...

    Authors: Galina V Tarasova, Tatiana N Nayakshina and Sergey KH Degtyarev
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. In spite of large intergenic spaces in plant and animal genomes, 7% to 30% of genes in the genomes encode overlapping cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs). The widespread occurrence of cis-NATs suggest...

    Authors: Hailing Jin, Vladimir Vacic, Thomas Girke, Stefano Lonardi and Jian-Kang Zhu
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Secretoglobin (SCGB) 3A1 is a secretory protein of small molecular weight with tumor suppressor function. It is highly expressed in lung and trachea in both human and mouse, with additional tissues expressing ...

    Authors: Takeshi Tomita and Shioko Kimura
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Due to the limited RNA amounts from endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) and low expression levels of certain genes, gene expression analyses by conventional real-time RT-PCR are restrained in EMBs. We applied two p...

    Authors: Michel Noutsias, Maria Rohde, Andrea Block, Katrin Klippert, Olga Lettau, Katja Blunert, Michael Hummel, Uwe Kühl, Hans Lehmkuhl, Roland Hetzer, Ursula Rauch, Wolfgang Poller, Matthias Pauschinger, Heinz P Schultheiss, Hans D Volk and Katja Kotsch
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:3
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  33. The nuclear receptors of the NR2E class play important roles in pattern formation and nervous system development. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of DNA-binding domains, we define two conserved groups of orth...

    Authors: Stephen D DeMeo, Rebecca M Lombel, Melissa Cronin, Eric L Smith, Danielle R Snowflack, Kristy Reinert, Sheila Clever and Bruce Wightman
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The circadian expression of the mammalian clock genes is based on transcriptional feedback loops. Two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) PAS (for Period-Arnt-Sim) domain-containing transcriptional activators, CLOCK...

    Authors: Yasukazu Nakahata, Mayumi Yoshida, Atsuko Takano, Haruhiko Soma, Takuro Yamamoto, Akio Yasuda, Toru Nakatsu and Toru Takumi
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2008 9:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The presence of inverted repeats (IRs) in DNA poses an obstacle to the normal progression of the DNA replication machinery, because these sequences can form secondary structures ahead of the replication fork. ...

    Authors: Dilip K Nag and Steffany J Cavallo
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:120
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Although much is known about molecular mechanisms that prevent re-initiation of DNA replication on newly replicated DNA during a single cell cycle, knowledge is sparse regarding the regions that are most susce...

    Authors: Katie L Mickle, Anna Oliva, Joel A Huberman and Janet Leatherwood
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:119
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The development of protocols for RNA extraction from paraffin-embedded samples facilitates gene expression studies on archival samples with known clinical outcome. Older samples are particularly valuable becau...

    Authors: Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva, Haiyu Zhang and Stefanie S Jeffrey
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:118
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  38. Myelination of peripheral nerves by Schwann cells requires not only the Egr2/Krox-20 transactivator, but also the NGFI-A/Egr-binding (NAB) corepressors, which modulate activity of Egr2. Previous work has shown...

    Authors: Rajini Srinivasan, Sung-Wook Jang, Rebecca M Ward, Shrikesh Sachdev, Toshihiko Ezashi and John Svaren
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:117
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalizes heme degradation, and is considered one of the most sensitive indicators of cellular stress. Previous work in human fibroblasts has shown that HO-1 expression is induced by NO...

    Authors: Veronica Leautaud and Bruce Demple
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:116
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Snake venoms are complex mixtures of pharmacologically active proteins and peptides which belong to a small number of superfamilies. Global cataloguing of the venom transcriptome facilitates the identification...

    Authors: Susanta Pahari, Stephen P Mackessy and R Manjunatha Kini
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:115
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is a useful tool for assessing gene expression in different tissues, but the choice of adequate controls is critical to normalise the results, thereby...

    Authors: Silvia Pérez, Luis J Royo, Aurora Astudillo, Dolores Escudero, Francisco Álvarez, Aida Rodríguez, Enrique Gómez and Jesús Otero
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:114
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Fluorescent data obtained from real-time PCR must be processed by some method of data analysis to obtain the relative quantity of target mRNA. The method chosen for data analysis can strongly influence results...

    Authors: Štefan Čikoš, Alexandra Bukovská and Juraj Koppel
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:113
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. In budding yeast, the replication checkpoint slows progress through S phase by inhibiting replication origin firing. In mammals, the replication checkpoint inhibits both origin firing and replication fork move...

    Authors: Katie L Mickle, Sunita Ramanathan, Adam Rosebrock, Anna Oliva, Amna Chaudari, Chulee Yompakdee, Donna Scott, Janet Leatherwood and Joel A Huberman
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:112
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. CDK5R1 plays a central role in neuronal migration and differentiation during central nervous system development. CDK5R1 has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders and proposed as a candidate gene for ment...

    Authors: Silvia Moncini, Annamaria Bevilacqua, Marco Venturin, Claudia Fallini, Antonia Ratti, Angelo Nicolin and Paola Riva
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:111
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) is a matrix-associated Kunitz inhibitor that inhibits plasmin and trypsin-mediated activation of zymogen matrix metalloproteinases involved in tumor progression, inva...

    Authors: Hongshen Guo, Yifeng Lin, Hongwei Zhang, Juan Liu, Nong Zhang, Yiming Li, Desheng Kong, Qiqun Tang and Duan Ma
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:110
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Gene duplication and exonization of intronic transposed elements are two mechanisms that enhance genomic diversity. We examined whether there is less selection against exonization of transposed elements in dup...

    Authors: Maayan Amit, Noa Sela, Hadas Keren, Ze'ev Melamed, Inna Muler, Noam Shomron, Shai Izraeli and Gil Ast
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:109
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Recovering high quality intact RNA from post-mortem tissue is of major concern for gene expression studies in animals and humans. Since the availability of post-mortem tissue is often associated with substanti...

    Authors: Bojlul Bahar, Frank J Monahan, Aidan P Moloney, Olaf Schmidt, David E MacHugh and Torres Sweeney
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:108
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) forms the basis of many breast cancer biomarker studies and novel prognostic assays, paving the way towards personalised cancer treatments. Normalisation of relative RQ-PCR ...

    Authors: Roisin E McNeill, Nicola Miller and Michael J Kerin
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:107
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  49. Novel, uncharacterised proteins represent a challenge in biochemistry and molecular biology. In this report we present an initial functional characterization of human kidney predominant protein, NCU-G1.

    Authors: Knut R Steffensen, Mariam Bouzga, Frode Skjeldal, Cecilie Kasi, Almira Karahasan, Vilborg Matre, Oddmund Bakke, Sylvain Guérin and Winnie Eskild
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:106
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Mutations in the X-linked MID1 gene are responsible for Opitz G/BBB syndrome, a malformation disorder of developing midline structures. Previous Northern blot analyses revealed the existence of at least three MID...

    Authors: Jennifer Winter, Melanie Kunath, Stefan Roepcke, Sven Krause, Rainer Schneider and Susann Schweiger
    Citation: BMC Molecular Biology 2007 8:105
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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