- Research article
- Open access
- Published:
Nuclear factor I-A represses expression of the cell adhesion molecule L1
BMC Molecular Biology volume 10, Article number: 107 (2009)
Abstract
Background
The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 plays a crucial role in development and plasticity of the nervous system. Neural cells thus require precise control of L1 expression.
Results
We identified a full binding site for nuclear factor I (NFI) transcription factors in the regulatory region of the mouse L1 gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed binding of nuclear factor I-A (NFI-A) to this site. Moreover, for a brain-specific isoform of NFI-A (NFI-A bs), we confirmed the interaction in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Reporter gene assays showed that in neuroblastoma cells, overexpression of NFI-A bs repressed L1 expression threefold.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that NFI-A, in particular its brain-specific isoform, represses L1 gene expression, and might act as a second silencer of L1 in addition to the neural restrictive silencer factor (NRSF).
Background
Neural adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily mediate cell-cell recognition by homo- or heterophilic Ca2+-independent cell surface interactions [1]. L1, a member of this family, promotes neurite outgrowth and fasciculation, and is involved in axonal pathfinding, neuronal migration, regeneration and synaptic plasticity [1, 2]. Targeted ablation of L1 in mice leads to hydrocephalus, corpus callosum hypoplasia, and malformation of the corticospinal tract resembling mutations in the human L1 gene that result in an X-linked recessive neurological disorder called X-linked hydrocephalus, MASA syndrome or spastic paraplegia type I (SPG1) (reviewed by [1]). These observations in mice and man point to a key role of L1 in development of the nervous system.
In the control region of the mouse L1 gene, a neural restrictive silencer element (NRSE) was identified which is responsible for the neuronal expression of L1 during embryonic development and serves as a tissue-specific silencer and enhancer in postnatal animals [3, 4]. Moreover, the transcription factors Pax-6, Hoxa-1, and Barx2 bind to the murine L1 gene regulatory region, and Pax-6 activates mouse L1 gene expression [5, 6]. More recent studies have identified two additional activators of L1 transcription, LEF-1/TCF in human colorectal cancer cells [7], and KLF7 in olfactory sensory neurons [8]. Nuclear factor I-A (NFI-A), a member of the nuclear factor I (NFI) family of site-specific transcription factors, is a good candidate for controlling L1 transcription, as it regulates the expression of several neural proteins and thereby governs development of the central nervous system in mice and men (reviewed by [9, 10]). In the present study, we tested whether NFI-A binds to the murine L1 gene regulatory region and influences L1 gene expression.
Methods
Plasmid constructs
The L1 reporter plasmid L1-11 [3], a kind gift from Dr. P. Kallunki (H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark), contains 2943 bp upstream of exon 1 of the mouse L1 gene, exon 1, intron 1, exon 2 with the luciferase cDNA inserted to replace the L1 start codon by the luciferase start codon, intron 2 including the neural restrictive silencer element, exon 3, intron 3 and exon 4. The NFI-A expression plasmid pCHNFI-A has been described previously [11] and expresses the hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged [12] murine ortholog of chicken NFI-A1.1 [13], which, in this paper, is called "standard isoform" due to its widespread expression in various tissues of adult mice [11]. To express the brain-specific isoform of mouse NFI-A [14] in an HA epitope-tagged form, pCHBNFI-A was used, which was constructed analogously to pCHNFI-A. A plasmid which expresses brain-specific NFI-A lacking most of the activation domain (pCHBNFI-Am) was created by digesting the parental vector with Bst XI and Kpn I. 3' overhangs were removed by incubation with Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) at 68°C for 15 min, and the resulting blunt ends were ligated using the Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). For ChIP experiments, Myc-tagged expression constructs for the standard and brain-specific NFI-A isoforms were made by cutting out the HA tag with Not I and Sfi I from pCHNFI-A and pCHBNFI-A, respectively. Two oligonucleotides, NFI-Myc 1 (GGCCGCTATGGAACAAAAACTCATCTCAGAAGAGGATCTGCAC) and NFI-Myc 2 (CAGATCCTCTTCTGAGATGAGTTTTTGTTCCATAGC) (Metabion, Martinsried, Germany), which contain the coding sequence of the Myc epitope combined with Kozak box, start codon and the compatible nucleotide overhangs, were annealed. The resulting double-stranded oligonucleotide was added to a 5-10 fold excess of the respective Not I/Sfi I-digested NFI-A expression vector, and ligated using the Rapid DNA Ligation Kit.
The CMX expression plasmid coding for β-galactosidase [15] was kindly provided by Dr. R. M. Evans (Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA).
Cell culture
Mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2A) were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal calf serum, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin). For reporter gene assays, N2A cells were grown in Opti-MEM without phenol red (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe. Germany) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, 200 units/ml of penicillin G, and 200 μg/ml streptomycin. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were grown in Glasgow minimum essential medium (GMEM), which contained 10% fetal calf serum, 4 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin). All cell types were grown at 37°C under a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs)
For EMSAs, HA-NFI-A constructs were expressed in CHO cells. Cells were plated onto 90-mm dishes in CHO culture medium. After reaching confluence, cells were washed once with CHO culture medium without serum and antibiotics. Transfections were performed with Lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Per dish, 13 μg of the respective plasmid were transfected with 26 μl Lipofectamine and 39 μl Plus Reagent (Invitrogen). Three h later, the transfection reaction was stopped by addition of 6.5 ml CHO culture medium. 24 h after transfection, cell monolayers were washed once with PBS and harvested by scraping into PBS supplemented with Complete protease inhibitor (Roche). Cells were pelleted by spinning for 10 min at 4°C (300 × g), the supernatant was removed and the pellet resuspended in low salt lysis buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.8, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM DTT, 1 × Complete protease inhibitor (Roche)). The cell suspension underwent three freeze-thaw cycles in dry ice/ethanol. Cell debris were removed by centrifugation (15 min, 4°C, 15000 × g), and the supernatant was used for DNA binding analysis. The electrophoretic mobility shift experiments were essentially performed as described [16]. In brief, single-stranded oligonucleotides were purchased (Metabion) and annealed, yielding double-stranded oligonucleotides with 5' overhangs. Double-stranded oligonucleotides were labeled with α-32P-dCTP using Klenow polymerase (Roche). Binding reactions were performed in a total volume of 10 μl consisting of 20 mM HEPES pH 7.8, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 7 mM DTT, 0.5 μg Cot-1 DNA, and 3 μl of cell lysate. Complete protease inhibitor was added according to the manufacturer's specifications (Roche). Binding reactions were incubated for 20 min followed by the addition of 2 μl of the labeled oligonucleotides, and incubated further for 20 min at room temperature. For the supershift, 1 μl of undiluted anti-HA (clone 12CA5, Roche) was added before loading, and incubated for another 20 min. In the case of competition experiments, radioactively labeled oligonucleotides were mixed with a 5-100 fold molar excess of the respective unlabeled oligonucleotides before being added to the binding reaction. Complexes were resolved by nondenaturing PAGE, and dried gels were exposed to BioMax MR film (Kodak, Stuttgart, Germany).
Oligonucleotides used were as follows: L, 5'-gctatTTGGCTTGGTGCCAAgcatc-3'; Lc, 5'-gctatTTC GCTTGGTGCCAAgcatc-3'; N, 5'-aggtCTGGCTTTGGGCCAAgagccgc-3'; Nc, aggtCTC GCTTTGGGCCAAgagccgc-3'; SIS, 5'-agcttaccagaaggtcaaggtcaaatgaagctagct-3' Sequences corresponding to the NFI binding site are capitalized; mutations in the negative control oligonucleotides are shown in boldface. The sequence of one strand is shown after the fill-in reaction.
Western Blot
In order to check HA-NFI-A expression by Western Blot, transfection of CHO cells was performed as described for EMSAs. However, 6-well plates were used, with DNA amounts and volumes of media and reagents adjusted accordingly. 24 h after transfection, cells were lysed by incubating in Ripa buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% (w/v) NP-40, 1 × Complete protease inhibitor (Roche)) for 1 h at 4°C. Cell debris were removed by centrifugation (15000 × g, 4°C, 10 min). The supernatant was mixed with sample buffer and boiled for 5 min. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and immunologically detected as described (Kalus et al. 2003). Anti-HA (from mouse, clone 12CA5, Roche) was used as primary antibody (1:400 in 4% milk powder in Tris-HCl-buffered saline (pH 7.3)). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) was applied at a 1:10,000 dilution in 4% milk powder in Tris-HCl-buffered saline (pH 7.3). Detection of Myc-NFI-A st and Myc-NFI-A bs expression in N2A cells was performed following the same protocol, using anti-Myc (from mouse, clone 9E10, Santa Cruz, Heidelberg, Germany) as a primary antibody. Transfection of the respective plasmids was performed as described under "Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay". However, 6-well plates were used, with DNA amounts and volumes of media and reagents adjusted accordingly. To check for the amount of protein loaded per lane, an anti-GAPDH antibody was applied (anti-GAPDH from rabbit, Cell Signalling, mAb 14C10, 1:1000; followed by anti-rabbit-IgG-HRP, 1:20,000).
Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP)
Myc-tagged NFI-A expression for ChIPs was carried out in N2A cells, cultivated on 90-mm dishes until confluency. 13 μg of the respective plasmid were transfected with 26 μl Lipofectamine and 39 μl Plus Reagent (Invitrogen) per dish according to the manufacturer's instructions. 48 h later, ChIP analysis was essentially performed as described [17]. For reduction of non-specific background, 0.5 μg anti-HA was applied per precipitation. Specific precipitation was achieved using anti-Myc. DNA fragments were purified with the MinElute PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Subsequent PCR was carried out with the primers ChIP fw, GGAGTTCAAATGCCTTAACATGA, and ChIP rev, CTGGATGCCCTCAATAAATTCAT. For negative control amplifications of remote gene loci, the following primers were used: Chst11 fw, TGGAGACAGCCCTCCATAGATGT; Chst11 rev, GATGGCAGTGTTGGATAGCTCCA; Chst8 fw, GTAAACGACTTCTCCTACCGCA; Chst8 rev, GTATTGTCACAGGGACGATGTCCA. Amplification comprised 25 cycles, with the annealing temperature set to 55°C. As a positive control, genomic DNA from C57BL/6J mouse tail cuts was used, which was prepared according to the following protocol: tail cuts were incubated over night at 55°C in 100 μl lysis buffer (0.1 mg/ml proteinase K (Sigma, Taufkirchen, Germany); 50 mM Tris pH 8.0; 50 mM KCl; 2.5 mM EDTA; 0.45% NP-40 and 0.45% Tween-20). The next day, tissue debris were spun down, and the whole supernatant was extracted with an equal volume of PCI (phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol, Biochrom, Berlin, Germany). DNA was precipitated with 2.5 volumes of ethanol and 0.1 volumes of 8 M LiCl. The pellet was washed with 70% ethanol and, after drying, resuspended in 50-100 μl 1 mM Tris pH 8.0.
Luciferase-based reporter gene assays
For transient transfections, 1 × 104 mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) cells were seeded in 96-well tissue culture plates (Greiner, Frickenhausen, Germany) and transfected the next day with 2.5 μl Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) per microgram of DNA. 80 ng reporter plasmid (L1-11), 60 ng of the effector plasmids (pCHBNFI-A or pCHBNFI-Am) or control CMX plasmid coding for β-galactosidase were applied per well. EGFP fluorescence generated by cotransfection of 60 ng pEGFP-C3 (Clontech, Heidelberg, Germany) was determined after 48 hours with a Wallac 1420 Multilabel Counter (PerkinElmer, Wiesbaden, Germany). Luciferase activity was measured with the Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay System according to the manufacturer's instructions (Promega, Mannheim, Germany). Light emission was normalized to the level of EGFP fluorescence activity from the EGFP control plasmid. Transfections were generally performed in septuplicate. Average relative luciferase light units and standard deviations were calculated using the Prism-4 program (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA).
Results
Identification of a full NFI binding site in the first intron of the mouse L1 gene
To ask whether NFI-A binds to the murine L1 gene regulatory region, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of this region [3, 5, 6] for NFI binding sites, using the Lasergene (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI) software suite. We identified the sequence TTGGCTTGGTGCCAA, which fully matches the NFI consensus motif, TTGGC(N)5GCCAA [9], in intron 1, located 1341 bp upstream of the translation start codon in the second exon (Fig. 1). The same part of the mouse L1 gene regulatory region also contains a previously identified DNA element recognized by Pax-6 and by additional homeodomain proteins [6] (see Fig. 1B). In addition to the full binding site, we found eight half binding sites for NFI proteins located within the 2400 bp immediately upstream of the full site (not shown).
NFI-A binds to the regulatory region of the mouse L1 gene in vitro
To assess binding of NFI-A to the full NFI recognition motif in the L1 gene regulatory region in vitro, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) were performed, using both the ubiquitous "standard" isoform of NFI-A (NFI-A st) and a brain-specific isoform (NFI-A bs) [14]. Their unique N-termini of 32 (NFI-A bs) and 9 amino acids (NFI-A st) are generated by alternative splicing [9] (Fig. 2A). Both HA-tagged isoforms were expressed in CHO cells (Fig. 2B). Cell extracts were incubated with oligonucleotides containing either the newly identified full binding site in the mouse L1 gene (L), or an idealized NFI binding site (N, [18]) (Fig. 3). To control for binding specificity, a G→C point mutation eliminating an essential GN7 contact for NFI was introduced into both oligonucleotides, yielding Lc and Nc, respectively (Fig. 3). Both NFI-A st and NFI-A bs expression caused a significant shift of the L and N oligonucleotides (Fig. 3). Neither the Lc nor the Nc oligonucleotide were shifted, indicating that the guanosine in position 3 of the motif is critical for NFI-A binding and that the complex is formed by sequence-specific interaction of NF1-A with both elements. Moreover, no gel shift was observed for the unrelated SIS oligonucleotide (C) [16], which does not contain an NFI recognition motif. Extracts without forced NFI-A expression ("CMV", Fig. 3, label B) gave rise to faster mobility complexes. These complexes most likely represent endogenous NFI isoforms as indicated by the lack of binding to the mutant Lc, Nc and C oligos. The heterogeneity of these endogenous complexes and their reduction in the transfected samples is likely due to the known alternative splicing of NFI proteins and the ability of NFI proteins to form both homo- and hetero-dimers in vivo, respectively. Specific binding was confirmed with an anti-HA supershift experiment (Fig. 4A).
In competition experiments, the L oligonucleotide was more effective than the N oligonucleotide (Fig. 4B), implicating a higher affinity of NFI-A to the site in the L1 gene as compared to the idealized consensus site. The point-mutated oligonucleotides Lc and Nc were unable to compete with the intact binding motifs. We conclude that, in vitro, NFI-A binds to its recognition site in the first intron of the mouse L1 gene, and that this interaction is tight and specific.
The brain-specific isoform of NFI-A binds to the regulatory region of the mouse L1 gene in vivo
To ask whether the interaction between NFI-A and its binding motif in the mouse L1 gene regulatory region is seen in vivo, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. Mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) cells, which express endogenous L1 [19], were transfected with Myc-tagged NFI-A bs or Myc-tagged NFI-A st, respectively. Precipitation was carried out with an anti-Myc antibody, and PCR primers were chosen which specifically amplify the region of the L1 gene flanking the NFI full binding site (Fig. 1A). Fig. 5A (upper panel, L1) shows the outcome of a representative experiment: whereas binding of the brain-specific NFI-A isoform (NFI-A bs) to the L1 regulatory region could be confirmed, no signal was obtained for the ubiquitous isoform (NFI-A st). The same result was observed in two further ChIP assays, and only in one experiment, weak binding of NFI-A st was detected. Only weak PCR signals were observed for mock-transfected cells. As an additional negative control, segments of the mouse Chst8 and Chst11 genes were amplified by PCR. No signals were observed when ChIP precipitates were used as a template (Fig. 5A, middle panel and lower panel), confirming the specificity of NFI-A bs binding to the mouse L1 gene. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of comparable amounts of both NFI-A isoforms in transfected N2A cells (Fig. 5B). Thus, the brain-specific isoform of NFI-A directly interacts with the endogenous L1 gene regulatory region in a neuronal cell line.
NFI-A represses activity of the L1 gene in mouse neuroblastoma cells
For a functional analysis, the effect of forced NFI-A bs expression on the activity of a previously described L1-luciferase reporter construct, L1-11 [3], was determined in N2A cells. The brain-specific isoform of NFI-A was chosen because it reproducibly bound to the endogenous L1 regulatory region (Fig. 5A), whereas in vivo binding of the ubiquitous NFI-A isoform appeared to be weaker. NFI-A bs reduced L1 gene activity to less than one-third of control values (Fig. 6, second column from the right side). Repression was concentration-dependent, suggesting a specific effect (Fig. 6). Moreover, we investigated a mutated form of NFI-A bs (NFI-A bs del), which lacked the entire activation/repression domain. NFI-A bs del should therefore be able to bind to DNA, but exhibit a severely reduced ability to activate or repress target genes [9]. In line with these expectations, expression of the truncated NFI-A bs led to only a slight reduction of L1 transcription (Fig. 6, rightmost column). Summarizing, our data show a repressive influence of NFI-A bs on L1 gene expression, which can be reverted by impairing NFI-A's trans-regulatory abilities.
Discussion
The cell adhesion molecule L1 plays a crucial role in mammalian nervous system development, but regulation of its expression at the transcriptional level is only partly understood. Here, using EMSA and antibody supershift experiments, we showed that the site-specific transcription factor NFI-A specifically interacts with a full NFI recognition site in the first intron of the murine L1 gene. The interaction is very strong, as shown by competition analysis. This high affinity is in accordance with a previous in vitro study, in which the NFI consensus binding motif was determined by PCR-mediated random site selection [20]. We also observed an electrophoretic mobility shift using extracts from cells not transfected with NFI-A expression plasmids, probably caused by expression of endogenous NFI proteins. The respective bands were much weaker when NFI-A was overexpressed, either due to a limiting input or due to a down-regulation of endogenous NFI-A by forced NFI-A expression.
ChIP analysis confirmed that the brain-specific isoform of NFI-A (NFI-A bs) binds to the regulatory region of the mouse L1 gene in vivo as well. By contrast, we did not observe reproducible binding of the ubiquitous NFI-A isoform (NFI-A st) to this genomic region in vivo, although the in vitro interaction of NFI-A st with the full binding site in L1 was at least as strong as the one of NFI-A bs. This difference might be caused by the different binding reaction conditions in the two assays. Alternatively, post-translational modifications could be a reason for the different behavior of NFI-A st and NFI-A bs in the two assays, in particular phosphorylation, which has been implied in regulating NFI activity by several studies [21–23]. Whereas for EMSA, extracts from CHO cells were used, ChIP was performed using N2A cells. It is thus tempting to speculate that phosphorylation of crucial amino acid residues differs between NFI-A bs and NFI-A st in N2A cells, causing a different affinity to the L1 gene regulatory region. Differences in protein phosphorylation or other modifications might also explain why the apparent molecular weights of NFI-A bs and NFI-A st differed slightly more than one would expect from their amino acid composition. Finally, it should be noted that eight half binding sites for NFI proteins can be found in the 2400 bp immediately upstream of the full site. NFI-A binds to such pentanucleotide sequences with a reduced affinity [20].
In order to understand how binding of NFI-A to the L1 regulatory region influences L1 expression, we performed reporter gene assays in mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) cells. NFI-A bs caused a reduction in L1 gene activity to approx. 30% of control level. In this context, it is noteworthy that only the brain-specific isoform significantly interacted with the endogenous L1 gene regulatory region. Moreover, we could nearly abolish repression of L1 transcription by NFI-A bs by deleting NFI-A's transregulatory domain. To our knowledge, these results are the first experimental evidence for a specific role of NFI-A bs in the regulation of a neuronal gene.
How could NFI-A activity at the L1 gene regulatory region be regulated in a physiological context? Several studies suggest that NFI activity is modulated by NFI phosphorylation [21–23]. In our case, NFI-A could be inactivated by phosphorylation, leading to enhanced L1 expression. However, there is no direct evidence that phosphorylation affects NFI activity.
Interactions with other site-specific transcription factors might also regulate transactivation/transrepression by NFI-A. NFI proteins physically interact with TTF-1 [24], Oct-1 [25], ski [26], and CBP [27]. Binding of NFI-A to such factors could alter its inhibitory influence on L1 transcription initiation. Remarkably, the HPD element, which is responsible for stimulation of L1 expression by Pax-6, is located in the same part of the L1 gene as the full NFI binding site identified in our study [6]. In addition, binding of the homeodomain proteins Barx-2 [6] and Hoxa-1 [5] to the L1 gene is also mediated by the HPD element. This might implicate a functional interaction between NFI transcription factors and Pax-6, Barx-2, or Hoxa-1 in regulating L1 expression.
Conclusions
In summary, our data suggest that NFI-A is a repressor of mouse L1 gene activity. A role for NFI-A in regulating L1 expression during development is plausible, as expression of both genes starts around embryonic day 9 in the developing nervous system of the mouse [3, 11]. In addition, Kallunki et al. [3] have proposed a second silencer element in the first intron of the L1 gene that functions together with the NRSE to regulate L1 expression. NFI-A, binding tightly to its recognition motifs in this intron and repressing L1 expression, could be part of the proposed silencer. It may prevent L1 expression at inappropriate stages or cell types, like glia of the central nervous system, consistent with the recently demonstrated importance of NFI-A for glial cell differentiation [28–31]. As both L1 and NFI-A are crucial for brain development in humans [1, 32], further investigations on regulation of L1 expression by NFI-A, for instance cell type-specific analyses of NFI-A deficient mice during development, are likely to significantly extend our knowledge of human brain formation.
References
Kenwrick S, Watkins A, De Angelis E: Neural cell recognition molecule L1: relating biological complexity to human disease mutations. Hum Mol Genet. 2000, 9: 879-886. 10.1093/hmg/9.6.879
Wiencken-Barger AE, Mavity-Hudson J, Bartsch U, Schachner M, Casagrande VA: The role of L1 in axon pathfinding and fasciculation. Cereb Cortex. 2004, 14: 121-131. 10.1093/cercor/bhg110
Kallunki P, Edelman GM, Jones FS: Tissue-specific expression of the L1 cell adhesion molecule is modulated by the neural restrictive silencer element. J Cell Biol. 1997, 138: 1343-1354. 10.1083/jcb.138.6.1343
Kallunki P, Edelman GM, Jones FS: The neural restrictive silencer element can act as both a repressor and enhancer of L1 cell adhesion molecule gene expression during postnatal development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 3233-3238. 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3233
Chalepakis G, Wijnholds J, Giese P, Schachner M, Gruss P: Characterization of Pax-6 and Hoxa-1 binding to the promoter region of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1. DNA Cell Biol. 1994, 13: 891-900. 10.1089/dna.1994.13.891
Meech R, Kallunki P, Edelman GM, Jones FS: A binding site for homeodomain and Pax proteins is necessary for L1 cell adhesion molecule gene expression by Pax-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 96: 2420-2425. 10.1073/pnas.96.5.2420
Gavert N, Conacci-Sorrell M, Gast D, Schneider A, Altevogt P, Brabletz T, Ben Ze'ev A: L1, a novel target of beta-catenin signaling, transforms cells and is expressed at the invasive front of colon cancers. J Cell Biol. 2005, 168: 633-642. 10.1083/jcb.200408051
Kajimura D, Dragomir C, Ramirez F, Laub F: Identification of genes regulated by transcription factor KLF7 in differentiating olfactory sensory neurons. Gene. 2007, 388: 34-42. 10.1016/j.gene.2006.09.027
Gronostajski RM: Roles of the NFI/CTF gene family in transcription and development. Gene. 2000, 249: 31-45. 10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00140-2
Mason S, Piper M, Gronostajski RM, Richards LJ: Nuclear factor one transcription factors in CNS development. Mol Neurobiol. 2009, 39: 10-23. 10.1007/s12035-008-8048-6
Chaudhry AZ, Lyons GE, Gronostajski RM: Expression patterns of the four nuclear factor I genes during mouse embryogenesis indicate a potential role in development. Dev Dyn. 1997, 208: 313-325. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199703)208:3<313::AID-AJA3>3.0.CO;2-L
Field J, Nikawa J, Broek D, MacDonald B, Rodgers L, Wilson IA, Lerner RA, Wigler M: Purification of a RAS-responsive adenylyl cyclase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by use of an epitope addition method. Mol Cell Biol. 1988, 8: 2159-2165.
Kruse U, Sippel AE: The genes for transcription factor nuclear factor I give rise to corresponding splice variants between vertebrate species. J Mol Biol. 1994, 238: 860-865. 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1343
das Neves L, Duchala CS, Tolentino-Silva F, Haxhiu MA, Colmenares C, Macklin WB, Campbell CE, Butz KG, Gronostajski RM: Disruption of the murine nuclear factor I-A gene (Nfia) results in perinatal lethality, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 96: 11946-11951. 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11946
Umesono K, Murakami KK, Thompson CC, Evans RM: Direct repeats as selective response elements for the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 receptors. Cell. 1991, 65: 1255-1266. 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90020-Y
Hentschke M, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U: Domains of ERRgamma that mediate homodimerization and interaction with factors stimulating DNA binding. Eur J Biochem. 2002, 269: 4086-4097. 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03102.x
Shang Y, Hu X, DiRenzo J, Lazar MA, Brown M: Cofactor dynamics and sufficiency in estrogen receptor-regulated transcription. Cell. 2000, 103: 843-852. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00188-4
Goyal N, Knox J, Gronostajski RM: Analysis of multiple forms of nuclear factor I in human and murine cell lines. Mol Cell Biol. 1990, 10: 1041-1048.
Kalus I, Schnegelsberg B, Seidah NG, Kleene R, Schachner M: The proprotein convertase PC5A and a metalloprotease are involved in the proteolytic processing of the neural adhesion molecule L1. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 10381-10388. 10.1074/jbc.M208351200
Osada S, Daimon S, Nishihara T, Imagawa M: Identification of DNA binding-site preferences for nuclear factor I-A. FEBS Lett. 1996, 390: 44-46. 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00622-9
Cooke DW, Lane MD: The transcription factor nuclear factor I mediates repression of the GLUT4 promoter by insulin. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 12917-12924. 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12917
Bisgrove DA, Monckton EA, Packer M, Godbout R: Regulation of brain fatty acid-binding protein expression by differential phosphorylation of nuclear factor I in malignant glioma cell lines. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275: 30668-30676. 10.1074/jbc.M003828200
Nilsson J, Bjursell G, Kannius-Janson M: Nuclear Jak2 and transcription factor NF1-C2: a novel mechanism of prolactin signaling in mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2006, 26: 5663-5674. 10.1128/MCB.02095-05
Bachurski CJ, Yang GH, Currier TA, Gronostajski RM, Hong D: Nuclear factor I/thyroid transcription factor 1 interactions modulate surfactant protein C transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 2003, 23: 9014-9024. 10.1128/MCB.23.24.9014-9024.2003
van Leeuwen HC, Rensen M, Vliet van der PC: The Oct-1 POU homeodomain stabilizes the adenovirus preinitiation complex via a direct interaction with the priming protein and is displaced when the replication fork passes. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 3398-3405. 10.1074/jbc.272.6.3398
Tarapore P, Richmond C, Zheng G, Cohen SB, Kelder B, Kopchick J, Kruse U, Sippel AE, Colmenares C, Stavnezer E: DNA binding and transcriptional activation by the Ski oncoprotein mediated by interaction with NFI. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25: 3895-3903. 10.1093/nar/25.19.3895
Leahy P, Crawford DR, Grossman G, Gronostajski RM, Hanson RW: CREB binding protein coordinates the function of multiple transcription factors including nuclear factor I to regulate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 8813-8822. 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8813
Deneen B, Ho R, Lukaszewicz A, Hochstim CJ, Gronostajski RM, Anderson DJ: The Transcription Factor NFIA Controls the Onset of Gliogenesis in the Developing Spinal Cord. Neuron. 2006, 52: 953-968. 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.019
Barry G, Piper M, Lindwall C, Moldrich R, Mason S, Little E, Sarkar A, Tole S, Gronostajski RM, Richards LJ: Specific glial populations regulate hippocampal morphogenesis. J Neurosci. 2008, 28: 12328-12340. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4000-08.2008
Namihira M, Kohyama J, Semi K, Sanosaka T, Deneen B, Taga T, Nakashima K: Committed neuronal precursors confer astrocytic potential on residual neural precursor cells. Dev Cell. 2009, 16: 245-255. 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.12.014
Wilczynska KM, Singh SK, Adams B, Bryan L, Rao RR, Valerie K, Wright S, Griswold-Prenner I, Kordula T: Nuclear factor I isoforms regulate gene expression during the differentiation of human neural progenitors to astrocytes. Stem Cells. 2009, 27: 1173-1181. 10.1002/stem.35
Lu W, Quintero-Rivera F, Fan Y, Alkuraya FS, Donovan DJ, Xi Q, Turbe-Doan A, Li QG, Campbell CG, Shanske AL, Sherr EH, Ahmad A, Peters R, Rilliet B, Parvex P, Bassuk AG, Harris DJ, Ferguson H, Kelly C, Walsh CA, Gronostajski RM, Devriendt K, Higgins A, Ligon AH, Quade BJ, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Maas RL: NFIA haploinsufficiency is associated with a CNS malformation syndrome and urinary tract defects. PLoS Genet. 2007, 3: e80- 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030080
Acknowledgements
We thank Ute Süsens and Peggy Putthoff for expert technical assistance. Pekka Kallunki (H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark) generously provided us with L1-luciferase reporter constructs. The galactosidase plasmid was a gift of Ronald M. Evans (Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA). This work was supported by the European Union program "Role of CAMs in ageing", QLK6-CT-1999-02187 (to M.S.), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, project no. 0311762/8 (to M.S.).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Authors' contributions
TS designed and performed experiments shown in Fig. 2, 3, 4, and 5A and participated in writing the manuscript. UB designed and carried out the reporter gene assays, provided support for EMSAs, and participated in writing the manuscript. MH participated in the ChIP assay. RMG participated in the design of the study, performed the analysis shown in Fig. 1, and participated in writing the manuscript. MS conceived of the study and participated in writing the manuscript. TT conceived of the study, supervised experimental design, participated in the ChIP assay, performed the experiment shown in Fig. 5B and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Schneegans, T., Borgmeyer, U., Hentschke, M. et al. Nuclear factor I-A represses expression of the cell adhesion molecule L1. BMC Molecular Biol 10, 107 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2199-10-107
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2199-10-107
Comments
View archived comments (1)